Chapter+3

Chapter Three Consciousness Understanding consciousness and what it encompasses is critical to an appreciation of what is meant by a given state of consciousness. The study of variations in consciousness includes an examination of the sleep cycle, dreams, hypnosis, and the effects of psychoactive drugs.
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 * States of Consciousness (2 - 4%)**

AP students in psychology should be able to do the following:
 * Describe various states of consciousness and their impact on behavior.
 * Discuss aspects of sleep and dreaming:
 * stages and characteristics of the sleep cycle;
 * theories of sleep and dreaming;
 * symptoms and treatments of sleep disorders.
 * Describe historic and contemporary uses of hypnosis (e.g., pain control, psychotherapy).
 * Explain hypnotic phenomena (e.g., suggestibility, dissociation).
 * Identify the major psychoactive drug categories (e.g., depressants, stimulants) and classify specific drugs, including their psychological and physiological effects.
 * Discuss drug dependence, addiction, tolerance, and withdrawal.
 * Identify the major figures in consciousness research (e.g., William James, Sigmund Freud, Ernest Hilgard).

How Drugs Alter the Reward Pathways in the Brain
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